Group Assignment

GROUP ASSIGNMENT

FATIN AFIQAH BINTI HAMDAN
NURUL FAZIRAH BINTI MOHD NAZRI
MUHAMMAD FARID BIN ABD SHUKOR
ADILAH BINTI KAMARULZAMAN
SHUHAHAD BINTI MOHAMED HAMIDI



PROJECT FOCUS

Question: 

We know that people use information technology to work with information. Knowing this, how could these types of errors occur? What could happen if you decided to use Facebook to collect information intelligence for a research paper? What could Facebook do to help prevent these types of errors? 

Answer:

Information technology (IT) is a field concerned of technology in managing and processing information. Types of errors occur when one fails, then chances are the business will fail. Most managers understand their business initiatives well, but are often at a loss when it comes to knowing how to use and manage IT effectively is support of those initiatives.

How could these types of errors occur?

Another company tries to create a new product/services by stealing the main concept of Facebook operation. Due to the advances in technology, it is easier for people to copy everything. There’s an ethical and privacy issues here. Those people who stole this idea should consider the principles and standards that guide their behavior towards other people. They don’t have any rights and should be sued.

What could happen if you decided to use Facebook to collect information intelligence for a research paper?

• Plagiarism and copyright issues may be occurred.

• The privacy of social networks cannot be fully trusted.

• False information may be added by other people.

• Internet violence.

• There are a lot of unscrupulous businesses that have sprung up on the internet to take advantage of people.

• Hackers can create viruses that can get into your personal computer and ruin valuable data.

What could Facebook do to help prevent these types of errors? 

The organization need to supervise the security systems more often. And the Chief Security Officer should be responsible to make sure the systems develop run smoothly and keep the privacy of the user safely. Private information should be store in proper way. To gain trust from the users, they should keep their copyright and once they’ve been fraud they can tighten their security and filter the information uploads by each of the user(s).

Chapter 6 : Valuing Organizational Information

Organizational Information

• Employees must be able to obtain and analyse the many different levels, formats and granularities of organizational information to make decisions.
• Successfully collecting, compiling, sorting and analysing information can provide tremendous insight into how an organization is performing.
• Levels, formats and granularities of organizational information :

The Value Of Transactional & Analytical Information

• Transactional information verses analytical information :

The Value Of Timely Information

• Timeliness is an aspect of information that depends on the situation.
• Real-time information – immediate, up-to-date information.
• Real-time system – provides real-time information in response to query requests.

The Value Of Quality Information

• Business decisions are only as good as the quality of the information used to make the decisions.
• You never want to find yourself using technology to help you make a bad decision faster.
• Characteristics of high-quality information include :

• Low quality information example :

Understanding The Costs Of Poor Information

• The four primary sources of low quality information include :

1. Online customers intentionally enter inaccurate information to protect their privacy.
2. Information from different systems have different entry standards and formats.
3. Call centre operators enter abbreviated or erroneous information by accident or to save time.
4. Third party and external information contains inconsistencies, inaccuracies and errors.

• Potential business effects resulting from low quality information include :

1. Inability to accurately track customers.
2. Difficulty identifying valuable customers.
3. Inability to identify selling opportunities.
4. Marketing to non-existent customers.
5. Difficulty tracking revenue due to inaccurate invoices.
6. Inability to build strong customer relationships.

Understanding The Benefits Of Good Information

• High quality information can significantly improve the chances of making a good decision.
• Good decisions can directly impact an organization's bottom line.

Chapter 5 : Organizational Structures That Support Strategic Initiatives

Organizational Structures

• Organizational employees must work closely together to develop strategic initiatives that create competitive advantages.
• Ethics and security are two fundamental building blocks that organizations must base their businesses upon.

IT Roles & Responsibilities

• Information technology is a relatively new functional area.
• Recent IT-related strategic positions : 

1. Chief Information Officer (CIO) 
2. Chief Technology Officer (CTO) 
3. Chief Security Officer (CSO) 
4. Chief Privacy Officer (CPO) 
5. Chief Knowledge Office (CKO)

• Chief Information Officer (CIO) - oversees all uses of IT and ensures the strategic alignment of IT with business goals and objectives.
• Broad CIO functions include : 

1. Manager - ensuring the delivery of all IT projects on time and within budget.
2. Leader - ensuring the strategic vision of IT is in line with the strategic vision of the organization.
3. Communicator - building and maintaining strong executive relationships.

• Chief Technology Officer (CTO) - responsible for ensuring the throughput, speed, accuracy, availability and reliability of IT.
• Chief Security Officer (CSO) - responsible for ensuring the security of IT systems.
• Chief Privacy Officer (CPO) - responsible for ensuring the ethical and legal use of information.
• Chief Knowledge Office (CKO) - responsible for collecting, maintaining and distributing the organization’s knowledge.
• Skills pivotal for success in executive IT roles :

The Gap Between Business Personnel & IT Personnel

• Business personnel possess expertise in functional areas such as marketing, accounting and sales.
• IT personnel have the technological expertise.
• This typically causes a communications gap between the business personnel and IT personnel.

Improving Communications

• Business personnel must seek to increase their understanding of IT.
• IT personnel must seek to increase their understanding of the business.
• It is the responsibility of the CIO to ensure effective communication between business personnel and IT personnel.

Organizational Fundamentals

1. Ethics :

• Ethics - the principles and standards that guide our behaviour toward other people.
• Privacy - the right to be left alone when you want to be, to have control over your own personal possessions and not to be observed without your consent.
• One of the main ingredients in trust is privacy.
• Primary reasons privacy issues lost trust for e-business :

2. Security

• Organizational information is intellectual capital - it must be protected.
• Information security - the protection of information from accidental or intentional misuse by persons inside or outside an organization.
• E-business automatically creates tremendous information security risks for organizations.

Chapter 4 : Measuring The Success Of Strategic Initiatives

Measuring Information Technology's Success

• Key performance indicator - measures that are tied to business drivers.
• Metrics are detailed measures the feed KPIs.
• Performance metric fall into the nebulous area of business intelligence that is neither technology nor business centered but requires input from both IT and business professionals. 

Efficiency and Effectiveness

• Efficiency IT metric - measures the performance of the IT system itself including throughput, speed and availability.
• Effectiveness IT metric - measures the impact IT has on business processes and activities including customer satisfaction, conversion rates and sell-through increases.

Benchmarking - Baselining Metrics

• Benchmarking - a process of continuously measuring system results, comparing those results to optimal system performance (benchmark values), identifying steps and procedures to improve system performance.
• E-government benchmarks :

The Interrelationships of Efficiency and Effectiveness IT Metrics

• Efficiency IT metrics focus on technology and include throughput, transaction speed, system availability, information accuracy, web traffic and response time.
• Effectiveness IT metrics focus on an organization's goals, strategies, objectives and include usability, customer satisfaction, conversion rates and financial.
• Interrelationships between efficiency and effectiveness :

Metrics For Strategic Initiatives

1. Web site metrics

• Web site metrics include abandoned registrations, abandoned shopping cards, click-through, conversion rate, cost per-thousand, page exposures, total hits and unique visitors.

2. SCM metrics

• SCM metrics include back order, customer order promised cycle time, customer order actual cycle time, inventory replenishment cycle time and inventory turnover.

3. CRM metrics

• CRM metrics include sales metrics, service metrics and marketing metrics.

4. BPR and ERP metrics

• The balanced scorecard enables organizations to measure and manage strategic initiatives.